He ʻōpio paha ia e paʻakikī nei e hoʻokō i kā lākou pilikia kula kiʻekiʻe pae a i ʻole a puka kulanui ʻaʻohe mea e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana e like me ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi e ulu nei i kēia mau pilikia a loaʻa iā lākou iho ma ke ala. Ua hauʻoli mākou i kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi loa hiki mai o ka makahiki nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i noʻonoʻo ai mākou i kā mākou manawa hoʻololi, akā ʻo ka mea e ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kēia ʻano ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻohauʻoli i nā makahiki āpau, mai ka poʻe nostalgic a hiki i nā hanauna ʻōpio e ola maoli nei i nā mea a mākou e ʻike ai ma ka pale. E hoʻomau i ka heluhelu ʻana no ka hōʻuluʻulu piha ʻana o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni maikaʻi e hiki mai ana o ka makahiki, me Lede Manu , ʻO ka wā kamaliʻi a oi aku.
RELATED: ʻO nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni kula kiʻekiʻe 25 maikaʻi loa o nā manawa a pau
1. 'House of Hummingbird' (2018)
ʻO wai i loko: Park Ji-hoo, Kim Sae-byuk, Jung In-gi, Lee Seung-yeon
He aha ia e pili ana: Hale o Hummingbird haʻi ʻo ia i ka moʻolelo hoʻoneʻe o Eunhee, he keiki mehameha ma ka papa ʻewalu e hoʻāʻo nei e ʻike iā ia iho a me ke aloha ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻoiai e hoʻokele ana i nā kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻahaʻa o ke kaikamahine. Ua loaʻa i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni he mau makana, me ka Best International Narrative Feature Award ma ka 2019 Tribeca Film Festival.
2. 'Dope' (2015)
ʻO wai i loko: ʻO Shameik Moore, Tony Revolori, Kiersey Clemons, Kimberly Elise, Chanel Iman, Lakeith Stanfield, Blake Anderson, Zoë Kravitz
He aha ia e pili ana: Loaʻa ka haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe ʻo Malcolm (Moore) a me kāna mau hoa ma kahi hewa i ka manawa hewa i ka wā e hūnā malu ai ka mea kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o ka ʻeke ʻeke o Malcolm i ka wā o kahi pāʻina pō e lilo i mea ʻino.
3. 'Crooklyn' (1994)
ʻO wai i loko: Zelda Harris, Alfre Woodard, Delroy Lindom, Spike Lee
He aha ia e pili ana: Hoʻoulu ʻia e Spike Lee nā ʻike o ka wā kamaliʻi, Crooklyn Aia ma luna o Troy Carmichael (Harris) ʻeiwa makahiki, e noho ana me kāna ʻohana papa hana ma Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. Ma hope o ka uku ʻole ʻana i kahi kipa i kona ʻanakē ma ka Hema no ke kauwela, hoʻi ʻo Troy i ka home i kekahi mau lono weliweli, e koi ana iā ia e kū i kahi ʻoiaʻiʻo paʻakikī.
4. 'Hoʻokiʻekiʻe iā Victor Vargas' (2002)
ʻO wai i loko: ʻO Victor Rasuk, Judy Marte, Melonie Diaz, Silvestre Rasuk
He aha ia e pili ana: Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Victor, he kaikamahine pupule Dominican, e pana i kāna pana me kahi kaikamahine uʻi ma kona kaiāulu i kapa ʻia ʻo Judy, akā ʻike koke ʻo ia e hoʻoikaika ʻo ia e lanakila iā ia. Hoʻopili kēia moʻolelo hoʻoluʻu puʻuwai i kekahi mau kumuhana e hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻoe i kou mau lā ʻōpio.
5. 'Iwakalua' (2015)
ʻO wai i loko: Kim Woo-bin, Lee Junho, Kang Ha-neul, Jung So-min
He aha ia e pili ana: Hiki iā mākou ke ʻae like ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kanaka makua e like me ka paʻakikī e like me ka ulu ʻana i kāu ʻōpio. E hui pū me ʻekolu mau BFF he 20 makahiki i ko lākou kū ʻana i nā pilikia a pau o ke ola.
6. 'Cooley High' (1975)
ʻO wai i loko: ʻO Glynn Turman, ʻo Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs, ʻo Garrett Morris
He aha ia e pili ana: Hoʻokumu ʻia ma Chicago i ka makahiki 60, hōʻike kēia keaka hoʻohiwahiwa i ka moʻolelo o ʻelua mau BFF kula kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hele pōuliuli ana ko lākou ola i ka hopena o ka makahiki kula. Hoʻopili ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni me nā mea i ulu me nā moeʻuhane nui, me ka nānā ʻole i ko lākou kūlana.
7. 'Na Wahine Maoli He Pipi' (2002)
ʻO wai i loko: ʻAmelika Ferrera , Lupe Ontiveros, George Lopez, Ingrid Oliu, Brian Sites
He aha ia e pili ana: Ma muli o ka pāʻani a Josefina López o ke poʻo inoa hoʻokahi, e hahai ana ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka ʻōpio Mekiko-ʻAmelika ʻo Ana García (Ferrera), ka mea i manaʻo e haehae ʻia ma waena o kāna moeʻuhane. hele i ke kulanui a me ka hahai ʻana i nā kuʻuna moʻomeheu o kona ʻohana.
8. 'Ka Inkwell' (1994)
ʻO wai i loko: Larenz Tate, Joe Morton, Suzzanne Douglas, Glynn Turman, ʻO Morris Chestnut , Jada Pinkett Smith
He aha ia e pili ana: ʻOiai ʻo ia e hoʻomaha ana me kona ʻohana ma Martha's Vineyard, ua hele mai ʻo Drew Tate, he 16 makahiki, i kahi kaiāulu ʻeleʻele makemake nui i ka pāʻina i kapa iā lākou iho ʻo The Inkwell. Ma mua o kona ʻike ʻana, ua paʻa ʻo Drew i kahi triangle aloha ma waena o ʻelua mau wahine uʻi.
inu wai mehana me ka meli
9. 'Iezebela' (2019)
ʻO wai i loko: ʻO Tiffany Tenille, Numa Perrier, Brett Gelman, Stephen Barrington
He aha ia e pili ana: Ma hope o nā kapuaʻi o kona kaikuahine, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Tiffany, 19 makahiki, e hana i ka ʻoihana wahine ma ke ʻano he kaikamahine kāmela e kākoʻo iā ia iho i ke kālā. E pōʻino nā mea, akā naʻe, i ka wā i lilo ai ʻo Tiffany i mea waiwai nui a hoʻomohala i kahi pilina me kekahi o kāna mea kūʻai.
10. 'Quinceañera' (2006)
ʻO wai i loko: Emily Rios, Jesse Garcia, Chalo González
He aha ia e pili ana: Me ka hiki koke mai o ka lā hānau 15 o Magdalena (Rios), hoʻomākaukau ʻo ia a me kona ʻohana no ka hanana nui e hoʻolauleʻa ai i kona hoʻololi ʻana i ka wahine. Akā, ua pau ka ʻahaʻaina i ka ʻike ʻana o Magdalena ua hāpai ʻo ia e kāna hoaaloha. ʻO ka pane ʻana o kāna ʻohana conservative e alakaʻi iā ia e haʻalele a neʻe i loko me kāna mau ʻohana pio, akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā mea.
he multani mitti maikai no ka ili maloo
11. 'O mākou nā holoholona' (2018)
ʻO wai i loko: Evan Rosado, Raúl Castillo, Sheila Vand, Isaiah Kristian
He aha ia e pili ana: Hoʻoulu ʻia e ka moʻolelo autobiographical a Justin Torres, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka wā kamaliʻi pilikia o Jona, ka mea i kamaʻilio me kāna moekolohe ʻoiai e pili ana i kahi ʻohana dysfunctional.
12. 'Dil Chahta Hai' (2001)
ʻO wai i loko: Aamir Khan, Saif Ali Khan, Akshaye Khanna, Preity Zinta
He aha ia e pili ana: ʻO Akash, ʻo Sameer lāua ʻo Siddharth ʻekolu mau hoaaloha pili i ke aloha, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka pilina paʻa o ka trio.
13. ʻO ka Diary of A Teenage Girl' (2015)
ʻO wai i loko: ʻO Bel Powley, ʻo Alexander Skarsgård, ʻo Christopher Meloni, ʻo Kristen Wiig
He aha ia e pili ana: Ma muli o ka puke moʻolelo a Phoebe Gloeckner o ke poʻo inoa hoʻokahi, e hahai ana ia i ka mea pena 15 makahiki, ʻo Minnie (Powley), e hakakā nei me ka manaʻo ʻole. Akā, hoʻololi nā mea ke loaʻa iā ia kahi ala moe kolohe e pili ana i ke keikikāne ʻoi loa o kona makuahine.
14. '3 Idiots' (2009)
ʻO wai i loko: Aamir Khan, R. Madhavan, Sharman Joshi, Kareena Kapoor, Boman Irani
He aha ia e pili ana: 3 Na naaupo nā kikowaena ma ka pilina ma waena o ʻekolu mau haumāna kulanui e hele ana i kahi kula ʻenekinia hanohano ma India. Mai kāna ʻōlelo hoʻonaʻauao noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao o India a i kāna ʻōlelo holoʻokoʻa manaʻolana, he maʻalahi ke ʻike i ke kumu i lilo ai kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kekahi o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni India kiʻekiʻe loa o nā makahiki 2000.
15. 'Ka Laau' (1999)
ʻO wai i loko: Taye Diggs, Omar Epps, Richard T. Jones, Sean Nelson
He aha ia e pili ana: E hahai i nā pōʻino o ke kāne male kāne ʻo Roland Blackmon (Diggs), a me kāna mau hoaaloha pili i ko lākou mau makahiki ʻōpio. Ka Laau , mai nā hula kula awkward a i nā hooku mua.
16. 'Ka lihi o ka ʻumikumamāhiku' (2016)
ʻO wai i loko: Hailee Steinfeld, Woody Harrelson, Kyra Sedgwick
He aha ia e pili ana: Me he mea lā ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke kamaʻilio ʻana me ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ʻike ʻo Nadine e pili ana kāna hoaaloha maikaʻi me kona kaikuaʻana. Hāʻawi kēia i kona manaʻo me ka hoʻokahi wale nō, akā hoʻomaka nā mea e nānā i kona wā e kūkulu ai he hoaaloha i manaʻo ʻole ʻia me kahi hoa papa.
17. ‘Miss Juneteenth’ (2020)
ʻO wai i loko: Nicole Beharie, Kendrick Sampson, Alexis Chikaez
He aha ia e pili ana: Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Turquoise Jones (Beharie), he makuahine hoʻokahi a he mōʻī wahine uʻi kahiko, e hoʻokomo i kāna kaikamahine 15 makahiki, ʻo Kai (Chikaeze), i loko o ka hoʻokūkū Miss Juneteenth kūloko. Hāʻawi ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kekahi mau manaʻo ʻike e pili ana i ka pōʻino o ka nānā ʻana i nā manaʻo a me nā kūlana o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
18. ʻO 'Bleak Night' (2010)
ʻO wai i loko: Lee Je-hoon, Seo Jun-young, Park Jung-min, Jo Sung-ha
He aha ia e pili ana: Me ka haʻalulu i ka pepehi ʻana o kāna keiki ʻo Ki-tae (Je-hoon), ua hoʻoholo kekahi makuakāne e ʻimi i kāna mau hoaaloha pili loa a noʻonoʻo i ka mea i hana maoli ʻia. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole makemake nā hoaaloha o Ki-tae e kōkua. I ka ʻimi ʻana o kona makuakāne i nā pane, hōʻike nā flashbacks i ka mea i alakaʻi ai i ka make ʻeha o Ki-tae.
19. 'Ke kanaka i ka mahina' (1991)
ʻO wai i loko: ʻO Reese Witherspoon, Sam Waterston, Tess Harper, Jason London, Emily Warfield
He aha ia e pili ana: No- Blonde ma ke kānāwai ʻO Witherspoon ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha loa i kāna hiʻohiʻona mua, kahi e hōʻike ai ʻo ia i kahi kaikamahine 14 makahiki i kapa ʻia ʻo Dani. Ua haki ka pilina pili ma waena o Dani a me kona kaikuahine nui, ʻo Maureen (Warfield), i ka wā i hāʻule ai nā kaikamāhine ʻelua i kahi keikikāne maikaʻi, akā ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia lāua ma hope o kahi ulia pōpilikia.
ʻoiki liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ʻonika nui no ka ulu lauoho
20. 'Aloha, Simon' (2018)
ʻO wai i loko: Nick Robinson, Josh Duhamel, ʻO Jennifer Garner , Katherine Langford
He aha ia e pili ana: I loko o kēia hana hoʻohenehene, ʻaʻole i haʻi aku ʻo Simon Spier, kahi ʻōpio pili i kona ʻohana a me kāna mau hoaaloha he kāne kāne ʻo ia - akā ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa o kāna hopohopo. ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia i hāʻule i ke aloha me kahi papa pohihihi ma ka pūnaewele, akā, ʻo ka mea ʻike i kāna mea huna e hoʻoweliweli ana iā ia i kāna mau hoa papa. E kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kaumaha.
21. 'Ka Hui ʻAi kakahiaka' (1985)
ʻO wai i loko: Judd Nelson, Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Molly Ringwald, Ally Sheedy
He aha ia e pili ana: ʻO wai ka mea i ʻike he hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ola i hoʻokahi Pōʻaono i loko o ka hale paʻahao? Ma keia hiki mai o ka makahiki kahiko , ʻeono mau ʻōpio mai nā hui like ʻole e koi ʻia e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻokahi lā ma lalo o ka mākaʻikaʻi a ko lākou hope kumu. Akā ʻo ka mea e hoʻomaka ai ma ke ʻano he hoʻopaʻi hoʻopaʻi e lilo i lā hoʻopaʻa a me ke kolohe.
22. 'Skate Kitchen' (2018)
ʻO wai i loko: Rachelle Vinberg, Dede Lovelace, Nina Moran, Kabrina Adams, Ajani Russell
He aha ia e pili ana: Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Camille, he 18 makahiki e noho ana me kona makuahine hoʻokahi, e hui pū me kahi hui skateboard kaikamahine āpau ma New York. Hoʻokumu ʻo ia i mau hoaaloha hou i loko o ka hui, akā ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kona kūpaʻa i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai ʻo ia i nā manaʻo no kekahi o kā lākou mau hoa aloha.
23. 'Keiki' (2014)
ʻO wai i loko: Patricia Arquette, Ellar Coltrane, Lorelei Linklater, Ethan Hawke
He aha ia e pili ana: Manaʻo pinepine ʻia kekahi o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni nui loa i hana ʻia, ʻO ka wā kamaliʻi nā moʻolelo i nā makahiki mua o Mason Evans Jr. (Coltrane), mai nā makahiki ʻeono a ʻumikūmāwalu. I kēlā manawa 12 makahiki, ʻike mākou i nā kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻahaʻa o ka ulu ʻana me nā mākua hemo.
24. 'Lede Manu' (2017)
ʻO wai i loko: ʻO Saoirse Ronan, Laurie Metcalf, Tracy Letts, Lucas Hedges, Timothée Chalamet, Beanie Feldstein
He aha ia e pili ana: Aia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe ʻo Christine McPherson (Ronan), ka mea i moeʻuhane e hele i ke kulanui ʻoiai ʻo ia e hoʻokele ana i kāna pilina pilikia me kona makuahine. ʻO kēia pāʻani koʻikoʻi, koho ʻia ʻo Oscar, e uē ʻoe i hoʻokahi manawa a e ʻakaʻaka i ka manawa aʻe.
25. 'Juno' (2007)
ʻO wai i loko: Elliot Page, Michael Cera, Jennifer Garner, Jason Bateman, Allison Janney, J. K. Simmons
He aha ia e pili ana: Hoʻokani ʻo Page iā Juno MacGuff he ʻumikūmāono makahiki, nāna i ʻike ua hāpai lāua e kā lāua hoa pili, ʻo Paulie Bleeker (Cera). Me ka mākaukau ʻole no nā kuleana e hiki mai ana me ka makua, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Juno e hāʻawi i ke keiki i nā mākua hānai, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pilikia.
26. 'Solace' (2018)
ʻO wai i loko: Hope Olaidé Wilson, Chelsea Tavares, Lynn Whitfield, Luke Rampersad
He aha ia e pili ana: I ka hala ʻana o kona makuakāne, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Sole he 17 makahiki e noho me kona kupuna wahine i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma Los Angeles. Akā ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i kāna mau wahi hou he mea paʻakikī ia, ʻoiai ʻo kona kupuna wahine e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ana a ke hakakā nei ʻo ia me kahi maʻi ʻai.
27. 'Liona lua' (2003)
ʻO wai i loko: Michael Caine, Robert Duvall, Haley Joel Osment, Nicky Katt
He aha ia e pili ana: Ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Walter (Osment) he ʻumikūmāhā makahiki e kona makuahine e noho i Texas me kāna mau ʻanakala nui ʻelua, ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia e hūnā i kahi waiwai. ʻOiai ua hoʻopau mua ʻia lākou e Walter, ulu lākou i ka mahalo i kona hele ʻana a hoʻomohala i kahi pilina kūikawā, e aʻo iā ia i nā haʻawina ola koʻikoʻi ma ke ala.
luna 10 nani kaikamahine ma India
28. ʻO ka poʻe i waho (1983)
ʻO wai i loko: C. Thomas Howell, Rob Lowe, Emilio Estevez, Matt Dillon, Tom Cruise, Patrick Swayze, Ralph Macchio
He aha ia e pili ana: Hōʻike kēia hiʻohiʻona hoku i ka moʻolelo o ka hakakā ʻino ma waena o nā hui ʻōpio ʻelua: ka papa hana ʻo Greasers a me nā Socials waiwai. I ka wā e pepehi ai kekahi Greaser i kahi lālā Social i waenakonu o kahi hakakā, piʻi wale ka haʻalulu, e hoʻomaka ana i kahi kaulahao hoihoi o nā hanana.
29. 'Premature' (2019)
ʻO wai i loko: Zora Howard, Joshua Boone, Michelle Wilson, Alexis Marie Wint
He aha ia e pili ana: ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka honua makua, a he hana koʻikoʻi kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hoʻoponopono i kēlā mau pilikia. I kona mau mahina hope loa ma ka home, ua ʻike ʻo Ayanna (Howard) he 17 mau makahiki iā ia iho ma ka piko o ke kanaka makua i kona hoʻomaka ʻana i kahi pilina pili me kahi mea hana mele charismatic. Akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kēia aloha puahiohio ma mua o kāna i manaʻo ai.
30. 'Ka Hate U Give' (2018)
ʻO wai i loko: Amandla Stenberg, Regina Hall, Russell Hornsby, KJ Apa, Sabrina Carpenter, Common, Anthony Mackie
He aha ia e pili ana: Ma kēia hoʻololi ʻana o ka puke kūʻai maikaʻi loa a Angie Thomas, ʻo Stenberg ʻo Starr Carter, he kaikamahine 16 ona makahiki i hoʻohuli ʻia kona ola ma hope o kona ʻike ʻana i kahi pana mākaʻi.
31. 'Na Hoa' (2019)
ʻO wai i loko: Samantha Mugatsia, Sheila Munyiva, Neville Misati, Nini Wacera
He aha ia e pili ana: ʻO ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni keaka Kenyan e hahai ana i ʻelua mau wahine ʻōpio, ʻo Kena (Mugatsia) a me Ziki (Munyiva), i ko lāua hāʻule ʻana i ke aloha a hoʻokele i kā lāua pilina hou ʻoiai nā koʻikoʻi politika e pili ana i nā kuleana LGBT ma Kenya.
32. 'E kū mai ia'u' (1986)
ʻO wai i loko: Wil Wheaton, River Phoenix, Corey Feldman, Jerry O'Connell, Kiefer Sutherland
He aha ia e pili ana: Hoʻomaka ʻo Gordie (Wheaton), Chris (Phoenix), Teddy (Feldman) a me Vern (O'Connell) i kahi huakaʻi e ʻimi i kahi keikikāne nalo ma 1959 Castle Rock, Oregon. Hāʻawi ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni maʻamau i ka nānā pono ʻana i nā hoaaloha kāne ʻōpio a ua hoʻopiha ʻia me ka ʻike hoʻokahi-liners.
33. 'Umikūmākolu' (2003)
ʻO wai i loko: ʻO Holly Hunter, Evan Rachel Wood, Nikki Reed, Vanessa Hudgens, Brady Corbet, Deborah Kara Unger, Kip Pardue
He aha ia e pili ana: Hoʻoulu ʻia e nā ʻike ʻōpio a Nikki Reed, Umikumākolu moʻolelo i ke ola o Tracy (Wood), he haumana kula kiʻekiʻe e launa pū me kekahi kaikamahine kaulana i kapa ʻia ʻo Evie (Reed). Ke hoʻolauna nei ʻo Evie iā ia i kahi honua o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ka wahine a me ka hewa, ʻo ke ʻano o ke ʻano o Tracy ke ʻano nui loa, i ka weliweli o kona makuahine.
34. 'Kahea ia'u ma kou inoa' (2017)
ʻO wai i loko: ʻO Armie Hammer, ʻo Timothée Chalamet, ʻo Michael Stuhlbarg, ʻo Amira Casar, ʻo Esther Garrel
He aha ia e pili ana: Inā ʻoe e ʻai i nā moʻolelo e pili ana i ka ikaika o ke aloha mua, a laila no ʻoe kēia. Hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1980 ma Italia, e hahai ana ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni iā Elio Perlman, he 17 makahiki i hāʻule no ke kōkua haumāna puka kula 24 makahiki o kona makuakāne, ʻo Oliver. Ua koho ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni koʻikoʻi no ʻehā Academy Awards, me ka Best Picture, a lanakila no ka Best Adapted Screenplay.
35. 'Ka Sandlot' (1993)
ʻO wai i loko: ʻO Tom Guiry, Mike Vitar, Patrick Renna, Karen Allen, Denis Leary, James Earl Jones
He aha ia e pili ana: Ke hahai nei ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni manawa ʻole iā Scott Smalls i ka papa ʻelima i kona hoʻopaʻa ʻana me kahi hui paʻa paʻa o nā mea pāʻani pīhili ʻōpio i ke kauwela o 1962. Ua piha i ka puʻuwai a paʻa e hoʻohauʻoli iā ʻoe.
PILI: ʻO 25 mau kiʻiʻoniʻoni kolepa e makemake ai ʻoe e kipa hou i kāu Alma Mater
