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ʻO ka maʻi liʻiliʻi ka maʻi lele loa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka variola virus (VARV), kahi pili i ka genth Orthopoxvirus. ʻO ia kekahi o nā maʻi maʻi lele i ʻike ʻia i nā kānaka. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hihia hope loa o ka puʻupuʻu ma Somalia i ka makahiki 1977 a i ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻolaha ka World Health Organization (WHO) i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu. [1] .
Mōʻaukala o ka Puʻupuʻu [elua]
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Smallpox i hoʻomaka ʻia ma ʻAkau-Hikina ʻApelika ma ka makahiki 10,000 BC a mai laila aku e laha loa ai i India e nā mea kalepa ʻAigupita kahiko. ʻO nā hōʻike mua o nā liona ʻili e like me ka puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi i ʻike ʻia ma nā maka o nā mummies ma ʻAigupita kahiko.
I nā kenekulia ʻelima a me ʻehiku, ua ʻike ʻia ka puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi ma ʻEulopa a lilo ia i maʻi ahulau i nā makahiki waena. I ka makahiki, 400,000 ka poʻe i make i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu a lilo ka hapakolu o ka poʻe i pakele i ka 18th kenekulia i ʻEulopa.
Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka maʻi ma nā ala kālepa i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
www.ilimaime.com
He aha ka puʻupuʻu?
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka puʻupuʻu e nā pūlū nui e ʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o ke kaʻina a waiho i nā kahakaha ma ke kino. Hoʻopiha kēia mau pālolo i ka wai maʻemaʻe a ma hope ka pus a laila hana i mau ʻāpala a maloʻo a hāʻule hoʻi.
ʻO ka maʻi ʻino ka maʻi puʻupuʻu i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka variola virus. Hele mai ʻo Variola mai ka huaʻōlelo Latina ʻo varius, ʻo ia hoʻi i poni ʻia a i ʻole mai varus paha, ʻo ia hoʻi ka māka ma ka ʻili [3] .
Loaʻa i ka virus kaolaola he genome DNA pālua, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻelua mau ʻāpana o DNA i wili pū ʻia me ka lōʻihi o 190 kbp [4] . Hoʻohālike ʻo Poxviruses i ka cytoplasm o nā pūnaewele hoʻokipa ma mua o ka nucleus o nā hunaola maʻalahi.
Ma ka awelika, 3 o 10 mau kānaka i loaʻa ka maʻi puʻupuʻu i make a ʻo nā mea i ola i waiho ʻia me nā ʻeha.
Manaʻo ka hapa nui o nā kānaka noiʻi he 6000 - 10,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei ka hana holoholona ʻana o nā holoholona, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mahi ʻāina a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā wahi noho kanaka nui i hana i nā kūlana i alakaʻi ʻia ai ka puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi. [5] .
Eia nō naʻe, e like me kahi noiʻi i paʻi ʻia i loko o ka puke pai Nā maʻi maʻi maʻi, ua hoʻohuli ʻia paha ka maʻi variola i nā kānaka ma o ka hoʻoili kipi ʻia ʻana mai kahi mea hoʻokipa i nalowale. [6] .
Nā ʻano o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu [7]
ʻO ka maʻi puʻupuʻu he ʻelua ʻano:
• ʻO Variola nui - He ʻano koʻikoʻi a ʻano nui ia o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu i loaʻa ka helu o ka make o 30 keneta. Hāpai ia i ke kuni kiʻekiʻe a me nā huehue nui. ʻO ka maʻamau (ke ʻano maʻamau), hoʻololi ʻia (ʻano milder a hiki i nā poʻe i hana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma mua), pālahalaha a hemorrhagic nā ʻano ʻehā o ka variola nui. Pālahalaha a hemorrhagic nā ʻano maʻamau o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu i mea make pinepine. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o ka manawa incubation o ka hemorrhagic puʻupuʻu a me ka mua, paʻakikī e kuhi ia mea he puʻupuʻu.
• ʻO Variola ʻōpio - ʻO Variola minor kahi i ʻike ʻia ʻo Alastrim kahi ʻano milder o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu nona ka nui o ka make ma hoʻokahi pākēneka a ʻoi iki paha. Hoʻonui ia i nā ʻōuli e like me ka nui o ka lapuwale a me ka scarring.
nā kiʻi māla nani o ka honua
Pehea ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu?
Hoʻolahalaha ka maʻi ke maʻi ke kanaka i ka ʻūhū a ʻūlū a hoʻopuka ʻia nā pūnana hanu mai ko lākou waha a ihu a hanu ʻia e kekahi mea olakino ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka maʻi virus a laila pae a pili i nā hunaola e uhi i ka waha, ka ʻāʻī a me ka hanu hanu. Hiki i nā loli o ke kino i hoʻopili ʻia a i ʻole nā mea haumia e like me ka moe a me nā lole ke pāhola pū ʻia i ka puʻupuʻu [8] .
Nā ʻōuli o ka maʻi puʻu
Ma hope o kou maʻi ʻana i ka maʻi, aia ka manawa incubation ma waena o 7-19 mau lā (averages 10-14 lā) I loko o kēia wā, kope hou ka maʻi i loko o ke kino, akā ʻaʻole hōʻike pinepine kekahi kanaka i nā ʻōuli he nui a nānā paha a maikaʻi ke olakino. . ʻ sayslelo ʻo Dr Sneha, 'ʻOiai he asymptomat ke kanaka, loaʻa paha iā lākou ka maʻi fiva haʻahaʻa a i ʻole kahi ʻūlū mālie e ʻike ʻole ʻia'.
Ma hope o ka manawa incubation, hoʻomaka nā ʻōuli mua e hōʻike, i pākuʻi ʻia i kēia mau mea:
• wela wela
• ka luaʻi
• Uʻi poʻo
• ʻeha ke kino
• luhi nui
• ʻehaʻeha hope loa
Ma hope o kēia mau ʻōuli mua, ʻike ʻia kahi ʻōpala ma ke ʻano he mau ʻulaʻula liʻiliʻi ma ka waha a me ke elelo e hala ana i ʻehā mau lā.
Hoʻololi kēia mau kiko ʻulaʻula i mau ʻeha a pāhola i ka waha a me ka puʻu a laila i nā ʻāpana āpau o ke kino i loko o 24 mau hola. ʻEhā mau lā o kēia pae. Wahi a Dr Sneha, 'ʻO ka maʻa mau ka mahele liʻiliʻi o ka puʻupuʻu: ʻike mua ʻia ia ma ka maka, nā lima a me nā forearms a laila hohola i ke kumu a me nā ʻaoʻao. He mea nui kēia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka pox liʻiliʻi mai nā maʻi varicella '.
I ka hā o ka lā, hoʻopihapiha nā ʻeha me ka wai mānoanoa a hiki i ka hana ʻana o nā scabs ma luna o nā puʻupuʻu mau no 10 mau lā. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hāʻule nā ʻōpala, e waiho ana nā ʻili ma ka ʻili. ʻEono paha mau lā ka lōʻihi o kēia pae.
Ke hāʻule nā ʻōpala āpau, ʻaʻohe maʻi hou ke kanaka.
He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka puʻu a me ka moa?
ʻ sayslelo ʻo Dr Sneha, 'ʻIke ʻia ka maka liʻiliʻi pox ma ka maka a laila neʻe i ke kino a ʻo ka hope loa nā lālā lalo akā i ka moa moa ʻike ʻia ka hū ma ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū a laila pālahalaha ʻia i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe (kākaʻikahi loa. nā pālima a me nā kapuaʻi). Hiki ke loli ka manawa ma waena o ke kuni a me ka hū i kekahi mau hihia '.
Kuhi o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu
I mea e hoʻoholo ai inā he puʻupuʻu ka huehue, ua paipai nā Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi algorithm 'Evaluating Patients for Smallpox: Acute, Generales Vesicular or Pustular Rash Illness Protocol' kahi ʻano maʻamau no ka nānā ʻana i nā mea maʻi me nā maʻi wīwī e ke hāʻawi nei i nā hōʻailona hoʻokalakupua no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu mai nā maʻi wīwī ʻē aʻe [9] .
pehea e hooki ai i ka poho lauoho ma ke ano
E nānā kino ke kauka i ka mea maʻi a nīnau e pili ana i kā lākou mōʻaukala huakaʻi hou, ka mōʻaukala olakino, ka launa pū ʻana me nā holoholona maʻi a exotic paha, nā ʻōuli i hoʻomaka ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻino, kūkā me kekahi poʻe maʻi, ka mōʻaukala o ka varicella a me ka herpes zoster mua a me ka mōʻaukala. o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa varicella.
ʻO nā pae hoʻohālikelike no ka maʻi puʻupuʻu me kēia mau mea:
• Loaʻa i ke kuni ma luna o 101 ° F a me ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi o nā ʻōuli o ke aniani, ka luaʻi, ka maʻi poʻo, ʻehaʻeha, ʻeha o ka ʻōpū a me ka moe ʻana.
• Nā leona i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāpana o ke kino e like me ka maka a me nā lima.
• Nā liona paʻa a paʻakikī a pōʻai paha.
• Nā liona mua e puka i loko o ka waha, ka maka a me nā lima.
• Nā leona ma nā poho lima a me nā kapuwaʻi o nā wāwae.
Kāohi a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu
ʻAʻohe mea e ola ai ka maʻi puʻupuʻu, akā hiki i ka lāʻau lapaʻau puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu ke pale aku i ke kanaka mai ka puʻupuʻu ma kahi o ʻekolu a ʻelima paha makahiki, a ma hope iho ua emi ka pae o kona pale. Pono ʻia kahi lāʻau booster no ka pale lōʻihi ʻana mai ka maʻi puʻupuʻu, e like me ka CDC [10] .
Hana ʻia ka lāʻau koʻokoʻo puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu mai ka maʻi koʻokoʻo Vaccinia, kahi poxvirus e like me ka maʻi puʻupuʻu. Aia i loko o ka lāʻau koʻokoʻo ka maʻi koʻokoʻo ola, ʻaʻole ia he maʻi hoʻomaikaʻi a nāwaliwali paha.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka lāʻau koʻokoʻo puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nila kuʻina i bifurcated i hoʻowai ʻia i loko o ka hopena vaccine. Ke hemo ia, paʻa ka nila i kahi kulu o ka lāʻau āpau a kui ʻia i ka ʻili he 15 mau manawa i kekona kekona. Hāʻawi pinepine ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma ka lima luna a inā kūleʻa ka lāʻau, he ʻulaʻula a ʻeha ka ʻeha i loko o ka wahi o ka lāʻau i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau lā.
I loko o ka pule mua, lilo ka ʻeha i blister piha me ka pā a ninini i waho. I loko o ka pule ʻelua, hoʻomaloʻo kēia mau ʻeha a hoʻomaka e hana i nā ʻōpala. I loko o ka pule ʻekolu, hāʻule nā ʻōpala a waiho kahi ʻili ma ka ʻili.
Pono e hāʻawi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o kekahi i ka maʻi maʻi a ma loko o ʻekolu a ʻehiku mau lā o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi. ʻAʻole pale ka lāʻau āpau i ke kanaka ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻeha o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu ma ka ʻili.
I ka makahiki 1944, ua laikini ʻia kahi lāʻau lapaʻau liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia dryvax a ua hana ʻia a hiki i ka waena o 1980s i ka wā i hoʻolaha ai ka WHO i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu. [umikumākahi] .
Wahi a ka U.S. Food and Drug Administration, i kēia manawa, aia kahi lāʻau lapaʻau liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo ACAM2000, i laikini ʻia ma ka lā 31 ʻAukake 2007. ʻIke ʻia kēia lāʻau lapaʻau e hana i ka poʻe i ka makaʻu nui i ka maʻi puʻu. Eia nō naʻe, kumu ia nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole e like me nā pilikia puʻuwai e like me myocarditis a me pericarditis [12] .
ʻO nā hoaaloha maikaʻi e like
Ma ka 2 Mei 2005, ua laikini ʻia ʻo CBER Vaccinia Immune Globulin, Intravenous (VIGIV), i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau liʻiliʻi.
He ʻoluʻolu a hiki ʻole i nā hopena ʻino ka lāʻau ʻōpala liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā hopena ʻoluʻolu e pili ana i ke kuni, ka ʻeha o ka mākala, ka luhi, ka ʻeha poʻo, kahoho, ka pāhū, ka ʻeha, nā leki ukali a me ka lymphadenopathy āpana.
I nā makahiki 1960, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻana i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ʻo kēia mau mea ʻo ia pū kekahi me ka holomua holomua (1.5 miliona wīkī), eczema vaccinatum (39 miliona wī), postvaccinial encephalitis (12 miliona wīkī), nā maʻi āpau ākea (241 miliona mau lāʻau lapaʻau. ) a hiki i ka make (1 miliona vaccination) [13] .
Na wai e hoʻomaʻamaʻa?
• Ke hana nei kahi limahana limahana me ka virus i kumu i ka puʻupuʻu a i ʻole nā virus ʻē aʻe e like pū me ia e pono e loaʻa nā lāʻau āpau (aia kēia ma ka hihia o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi).
• ʻO ke kanaka nāna i hōʻike pono i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu ma o ka helehelena a he alo paha me kahi kanaka i loaʻa ka maʻi puʻupuʻu pono e loaʻa ka lāʻau āpau (aia kēia ma ka maʻi o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu) [14] .
ʻO wai ka mea pono ʻole e hoʻomaʻamaʻa?
Wahi a ka WHO, ʻo ka poʻe i loaʻa a loaʻa i nā ʻili nā ʻili, ʻo ia hoʻi ka eczema a i ʻole dermatitis atopic, ka poʻe me nā pale nawaliwali, nā kānaka maikaʻi HIV a me nā poʻe e loaʻa nei i ka mālama ʻana no ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻaʻole pono e loaʻa i ka lāʻau lapaʻau liʻiliʻi inā ʻaʻole lākou e ʻike ʻia i ka maʻi. Loaʻa kēia i kā lākou hoʻonui i ka makaʻu i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena ʻaoʻao.
ʻAʻole pono nā wahine hāpai i ka lāʻau lapaʻau no ka mea he mea ʻino ia i ka fetus. ʻO nā wahine hānai a me nā keiki ma mua o 12 mau makahiki o ka makahiki ʻaʻole pono e loaʻa i ka lāʻau lapaʻau liʻiliʻi [umikumālima] .
He aha e hana ai ma hope o kāu hana ʻana?
• Pono e uhi ʻia ka wahi vaccination me kahi ʻāpana o ka gauze me kahi lipine kōkua mua. E ʻike pono aia ke kahe pono a ʻaʻole nā wai e komo i loko.
• E hōʻahu i kahi pālule lima piha i mea e uhi ai ke kāʻei.
• E hoʻomaloʻo i ka wahi a ʻaʻole e ʻae i ka pulu. Inā pulu, hoʻololi koke.
• Uhi i ka wahi me kahi paʻa wai i ka wā e ʻauʻau ana a mai kaʻana like i nā kāwele.
• Hoʻololi i ka bandage i kēlā me kēia ʻekolu lā.
• E holoi i kou mau lima ma hope o kou hoʻopā ʻana i kahi o ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
• Mai hoʻopā i ka wahi a mai ʻae i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hoʻopā iā ia a i nā mea paha e like me ke kāwele, nā lole, nā ʻāpana a me nā lole i hoʻopā i ka wahi i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia.
• E holoi i kou kapa ponoʻī i ka wai wela me ka detergent a i ʻole ka mea ʻāpala.
• E hoʻolei ʻia nā bandages i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā ʻeke zip ea a laila hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpala.
• I loko o kahi ʻeke zip kika, e kau i nā ʻōpala i hāʻule a laila hoʻolei [16] .
Pehea i kāohi ʻia ai ka maʻi puʻupuʻu ma mua?
ʻO Variolation, i kapa ʻia ma hope o ka maʻi hoʻomaʻamaʻa ke kumu o ka puʻupuʻu kekahi o nā hana mua no ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu. ʻO ke Variolation kahi hana e pakele ai i kēlā me kēia kanaka i loaʻa ʻole ka maʻi puʻupuʻu ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea mai nā maʻi puupuu puʻupuʻu o kahi mea maʻi maʻi. Hana ʻia ia e ka ʻānai ʻana i nā mea i ka lima a i ʻole ka ʻānai ʻana iā ia ma o ka ihu a hoʻomohala ʻia ka poʻe e like me ke kuni a me ka ʻino.
Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma waena o 1 pākēneka a 2 pakeneka o ka poʻe i loaʻa ka loli ʻana i ka make i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 30 kenetene o ka poʻe i make i ka wā i ʻaelike ai lākou i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu. Eia nō naʻe, nui nā makaʻu o ka variolation, hiki i ka mea maʻi ke make a i ʻole kekahi mea ʻē aʻe e ʻaelike i ka maʻi mai ka mea maʻi.
maikaʻi ka henna no ka lauoho a i ʻole
ʻO ka helu make o ka variolation he ʻumi mau manawa ka haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu kūlohelohe [17] .
Nā FAQ maʻamau
P. Aia nō ka puʻupuʻu?
TO. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe hōʻike e pili ana i ka puka ʻana o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu ma nā wahi a puni ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau mea liʻiliʻi o ka maʻi puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi i loko o nā hale noiʻi ʻelua ma Russia a me USA.
P. No ke aha i make ai ka maʻi puʻupuʻu?
TO . He mea make ia no ka mea he maʻi lele ia e lele wikiwiki mai kekahi mea maʻi i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe.
P. Ehia ka poe i make i ka puupuu?
TO . Ua manaʻo ʻia 300 miliona ka poʻe i make i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu i ke kenekulia 20.
P. E hoʻi hou anei ka maʻi puʻupuʻu?
TO . ʻAʻole, akā manaʻoʻiʻo nā aupuni aia ka maʻi liʻiliʻi ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā keʻena hoʻokolohua i hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia e hana i mea ʻino.
P. Owai ke pale aku i ka mai puupuu?
TO. Pale aku ka poʻe i hoʻomaʻamaʻa palekana ʻia i ka maʻi puʻu.
P. Na wai i loaʻa ka lāʻau no ka maʻi puʻupuʻu?
TO . I ka makahiki 1796, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Edward Jenner e hoʻāʻo i ka puʻupuʻu e ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
P. Pehea ka lōʻihi o ka pandemia puʻu?
TO . Wahi a ka WHO, ua hala nā maʻi puʻupuʻu ma kahi o 3,000 mau makahiki.
ʻO Sneha KrishnanLapaʻau NuiMBBS E ʻike hou aʻe
