Dysgraphia: Nā kumu, nā ʻōuli hōʻailona a me nā hana

Nā Inoa MaikaʻI Loa No Nā Keiki

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ʻO Dysgraphia kahi paʻakikī aʻo e pili ana i ka kākau lima a me nā mākau kaʻa maikaʻi (ka hiki ke hana i nā neʻe ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mākala liʻiliʻi o nā lima a me nā kūpeʻe lima). Kū nā keiki ʻōpio āpau i nā pilikia i ke aʻo ʻana e kākau a hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou kākau lima. Akā inā maopopo ʻole a kuhihewa paha ka kākau lima ʻana o kāu keiki, inā ʻino kāu keiki e kākau no ka mea ke luhi nei ka hana ʻana i nā leka iā lākou - he hōʻailona paha ia no ka disgraphia ^[1] . Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ia i ka wā e aʻo ai kahi keiki i ke kākau ʻana, eia naʻe, ʻike ʻole ʻia ka disgraphia no nā makahiki, keu hoʻi i nā hihia ʻoluʻolu.

Nā kumu o Dysgraphia

Wahi a nā poʻe loea, ʻo ka dysgraphia i nā keiki ke kumu pinepine ʻia e kahi pilikia me ka coding orthographic. Hoʻopili kēia maʻi neurological i ka hoʻomanaʻo hana e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻomanaʻo mau i nā huaʻōlelo i kākau ʻia a pehea e hoʻohana ai i ko mākou mau lima a me nā manamana lima e kākau i kēlā mau huaʻōlelo. Hana ʻia kēia me nā kīnā aʻo ʻē aʻe e like me ADHD (Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder) a me dislexia i nā keiki. Hiki i ka ʻeha o ka lolo ke hoʻonāuki i nā hōʻailona o ka disgraphia i nā mākua.

Nā ʻōuli o Dysgraphia

ʻO ka kākau lima maʻalahi ʻole ʻokoʻa ka hōʻailona maʻamau o ka disgraphia. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kekahi manawa ke loaʻa i ka disgraphia ʻoiai ke kākau lima lima ʻana o kāu keiki. I kēlā hihia, lilo ke kākau ʻana i mea maʻalahi a lilo i hana nui na kāu keiki.

Eia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka disgraphia:

• Leta kūpono ʻole a me ka hoʻokaʻawale huaʻōlelo
• Holoi pinepine
• Hewa hewa a me ka hoʻokiwikā
• Leta kūpono ʻole a me ka hoʻokaʻawale huaʻōlelo
• Hoʻohui ʻia nā huapalapala hōʻino a paʻi
• Pilikia i ke kope ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo
• Kākau luhi
• ʻO ka maʻa o ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo nui i ke kākau ʻana
• Nā huaʻōlelo a me nā leka i nalo ʻole ʻia
• ʻO ka hoʻolālā ākea maikaʻi ʻole (paʻakikī i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā leka ma ka pepa a i ʻole ma ka palena)
• Paʻa paʻa, hiki i nā lima ʻeha ^[1]

pono o ka aila pēpē johnson

Kānāwai o Dysgraphia

Hana pinepine ʻia ka diagnostical of disgraphia e kahi hui o ka poʻe loea, e laʻa me ke kauka, kahi psychologist laikini a i ʻole nā ​​ʻoihana olakino noʻonoʻo ʻē aʻe i ʻike i ka hana ʻana me nā keiki me ia ʻano. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kūkākūkā pū i kahi loea disgraphia i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kēia kīnā.

Kuhi ʻia paha kahi hōʻailona me kahi hōʻike IQ. Loiloi ʻia paha nā ʻōuli ma muli o kā lākou kula i hāʻawi ʻia a i ʻole ka hana kula. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hoʻāʻo no ka disgraphia i kahi ʻāpana kākau, kope ʻana i nā ʻōlelo a i ʻole ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau essay. Hoʻomaʻo pū lākou i nā hiki i ka motika maikaʻi, kahi e hoʻāʻo ai kāu keiki ma nā hana reflex a me nā mākau kaʻa. Hoʻāʻo ka loea e hoʻoholo pehea e hiki ai i kāu keiki ke hoʻonohonoho i nā manaʻo a hōʻike i nā manaʻo, e like me ka maikaʻi o kā lākou kākau ʻana ^[elua] .

Ka mālama ʻana i ka Dysgraphia

ʻAʻohe lāʻau ola mau no ka disgraphia. Pono nā Therapist e nānā inā pili nā pilikia aʻo ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā ​​kūlana olakino. ʻO nā lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama iā ADHD i kōkua me ka disgraphia i loko o nā keiki e ʻeha i nā kūlana ʻelua. He mea kōkua paha ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā mākau kākau lima ^[3] . Paipai ia i nā keiki e hana i nā hana, e like me

• e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou e paʻa i ka peni i kahi ala hou, i maʻalahi ka maʻalahi o ke kākau ʻana iā lākou.
• hana pū ana me ka pālolo hoʻohālike,
• ke hoʻonā nei i nā puzzles hoʻohui-nā-kiko,
• kaha kiʻi ʻana ma loko o nā mākala, a
• ke ʻimi nei i nā huapalapala i ka kalima ʻana i ka pākaukau.

Loaʻa nā papahana kākau e kōkua i nā keiki me kēia ʻano ^[4] .

Pehea e hoʻokele ai i Dysgraphia

Ma mua o nā paʻakikī o ke kino, ʻo nā keiki me ka disgraphia ke alo nei i ka nui o ka nāwaliwali e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano o ka haʻahaʻa iā lākou. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻomau i ka holomua o ka papa kula i mea e kōkua ʻole ai lākou i kekahi manawa. Ma waho o ka hoʻōla a me nā hana maʻamau, hiki i kāu hoʻopili ʻana ma ke ʻano he makua ke kōkua i kāu keiki e hana me kēia kūlana me ka maikaʻi. Pākuʻi ʻia nā hana ma ka home no ka disgraphia

manaʻo paʻi kiʻi ma ka home

• ke aʻo ʻana iā lākou pehea e kikokiko ai,
• e kōkua ana iā lākou e kūkulu i kahi paʻa maikaʻi ma ka penikala a i ka peni.
• ʻae ʻana e kākau no ka hana home a kāu keiki a i ʻole nā ​​hana i nā manawa e kaʻana like i ka kaomi, a
• e paipai ana i kāu keiki e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻōlelo ma mua o ke kākau ʻana iā lākou i lalo.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana mau me ka luna hoʻomalu o ke kula a me nā kumu o kāu keiki e lawe i nā loli i kona ola. Eia pehea e hiki ai i nā kula ke hoʻololi.

• E hāʻawi i kahi mea lawe leka i ka lumi papa a i ʻole e hāʻawi i nā haumāna i kahi kope a kahi kumu i ka pepa.
• E hana i kahi koho ʻē aʻe o nā hana kākau, a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pepa hana pōkole me ka hōʻuluʻulu haʻawina haʻawina waha.
• E ʻae i nā haumāna me ka disgraphia e hoʻohana i nā hale noho e like me ka penikala penikala, nā peni holoi, ka pepa me nā laina i hāpai ʻia a pēlā aku. E kōkua iā lākou e hana ma nā mākau kākau lima.
• Hāʻawi i ka ʻae e hoʻohana i nā kamepiula i nā manawa hiki.
• E ʻae i nā keiki e hoʻohana i ka mīkini e ʻike i ka wā e hiki ai.

Eia kekahi, pono ʻoe e hoʻomanawanui a ʻae i kāu keiki e hoʻomaʻa i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me nā ʻano hoʻololi, ʻoiai inā lohi ka holomua. Ma ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kaiāulu o nā kumu kākoʻo, nā hoaaloha, nā lālā o ka ʻohana a me nā mea hoʻoponopono, hiki iā ʻoe ke kūkulu hou i ko lākou manaʻo pilikino hōʻino a kōkua iā lākou e kūleʻa i ka holo lōʻihi.

1. [1]McCloskey, M., & Rapp, B. (2017). Disgraphia Developmental: Kahi nānā a me ke kiʻina no ka noiʻi. ʻO ka neuropsychologygnitive, 34 (3-4), 65-82.
2. [elua]Richards, T. L., Grabowski, T. J., Boord, P., Yagle, K., Askren, M., Mestre, Z.,… Berninger, V. (2015). Hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano lolo o ka pili DTI e pili ana i ke kākau, ka pili o fMRI, a me nā hoʻopili pilina DTI-fMRI i nā keiki me ka ʻole o ka disgraphia a i ʻole ka dislexia. NeuroImage. Lapaʻau, 8, 408-421.
3. [3]Engel, C., Lillie, K., Zurawski, S., & Travers, B. G. (2018). Nā Polokalamu kākau lima lima e pili ana i ka papahana: kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana me nā nui o ka hopena. ʻO ka puke pai ʻAmelika o ka hana ʻoihana: ka paʻi kūhelu o ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Hana, 72 (3), 7203205010p1-7203205010p8.
4. [4]Rosenblum S. (2018). Nā pilina pilina ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona kākau lima kumuhana a me ka kaohi luna i waena o nā keiki me ka disgraphia ulu. PolS one, 13 (4), e0196098.

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